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                           <rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="The Transport Layer Example: HTTP (used by web services) typically uses TCP Reliable transport between client and server required TCP" xmpDM:startTime="0" xmpDM:duration="1000"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="Steam oriented, not transaction oriented Network friendly: time-out  congestion  slow down transmission Well known – TCP guesses quite" xmpDM:startTime="0" xmpDM:duration="1000"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="often wrong in wireless and mobile networks Packet loss due to transmission errors Packet loss due to change of network" xmpDM:startTime="0" xmpDM:duration="1000"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="Result Severe performance degradation Prof." xmpDM:startTime="0" xmpDM:duration="1000"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="Dr.-Ing." xmpDM:startTime="0" xmpDM:duration="1000"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="Jochen H." xmpDM:startTime="0" xmpDM:duration="1000"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="Schiller www.jochenschiller.de" xmpDM:startTime="0" xmpDM:duration="1000"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="Mobile Communications Client Server Connection setup Data transmission Connection release TCP SYN TCP SYN/ACK TCP ACK HTTP request HTTP response" xmpDM:startTime="0" xmpDM:duration="1000"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="GPRS: 500ms! &gt;15 s no data" xmpDM:startTime="0" xmpDM:duration="1000"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="Motivation I Transport protocols typically designed for Fixed end-systems Fixed, wired networks Research activities Performance Congestion control Efficient retransmissions TCP" xmpDM:startTime="259733" xmpDM:duration="1000"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="congestion control packet loss in fixed networks typically due to (temporary) overload situations router have to discard packets as soon" xmpDM:startTime="259733" xmpDM:duration="1000"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="as the buffers are full TCP recognizes congestion only indirect via missing acknowledgements, retransmissions unwise, they would only contribute to" xmpDM:startTime="259733" xmpDM:duration="1000"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="the congestion and make it even worse slow-start algorithm as reaction Prof." xmpDM:startTime="259733" xmpDM:duration="1000"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="Dr.-Ing." xmpDM:startTime="259733" xmpDM:duration="1000"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="Jochen H." xmpDM:startTime="259733" xmpDM:duration="1000"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="Schiller www.jochenschiller.de" xmpDM:startTime="259733" xmpDM:duration="1000"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="Mobile Communications" xmpDM:startTime="259733" xmpDM:duration="1000"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="Motivation II TCP slow-start algorithm sender calculates a congestion window for a receiver start with a congestion window size equal" xmpDM:startTime="358067" xmpDM:duration="1000"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="to one segment exponential increase of the congestion window up to the congestion threshold, then linear increase missing acknowledgement causes" xmpDM:startTime="358067" xmpDM:duration="1000"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="the reduction of the congestion threshold to one half of the current congestion window congestion window starts again with one" xmpDM:startTime="358067" xmpDM:duration="1000"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="segment TCP fast retransmit/fast recovery TCP sends an acknowledgement only after receiving a packet if a sender receives several acknowledgements" xmpDM:startTime="358067" xmpDM:duration="1000"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="for the same packet, this is due to a gap in received packets at the receiver however, the receiver got" xmpDM:startTime="358067" xmpDM:duration="1000"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="all packets up to the gap and is actually receiving packets therefore, packet loss is not due to congestion, continue" xmpDM:startTime="358067" xmpDM:duration="1000"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="with current congestion window (do not use slow-start) Prof." xmpDM:startTime="358067" xmpDM:duration="1000"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="Dr.-Ing." xmpDM:startTime="358067" xmpDM:duration="1000"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="Jochen H." xmpDM:startTime="358067" xmpDM:duration="1000"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="Schiller www.jochenschiller.de" xmpDM:startTime="358067" xmpDM:duration="1000"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="Mobile Communications" xmpDM:startTime="358067" xmpDM:duration="1000"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="Influences of mobility on TCP-mechanisms TCP assumes congestion if packets are dropped typically wrong in wireless networks, here we often" xmpDM:startTime="527333" xmpDM:duration="1000"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="have packet loss due to transmission errors furthermore, mobility itself can cause packet loss, if e.g." xmpDM:startTime="527333" xmpDM:duration="1000"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="a mobile node roams from one access point (e.g." xmpDM:startTime="527333" xmpDM:duration="1000"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="foreign agent in Mobile IP) to another while there are still packets in transit to the wrong access point and" xmpDM:startTime="527333" xmpDM:duration="1000"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="forwarding is not possible The performance of an unchanged TCP can degrade severely however, TCP cannot be changed fundamentally due" xmpDM:startTime="527333" xmpDM:duration="1000"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="to the large base of installations in the fixed network, TCP for mobility has to remain compatible the basic TCP" xmpDM:startTime="527333" xmpDM:duration="1000"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="mechanisms keep the whole Internet together Prof." xmpDM:startTime="527333" xmpDM:duration="1000"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="Dr.-Ing." xmpDM:startTime="527333" xmpDM:duration="1000"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="Jochen H." xmpDM:startTime="527333" xmpDM:duration="1000"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="Schiller www.jochenschiller.de" xmpDM:startTime="527333" xmpDM:duration="1000"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="Mobile Communications" xmpDM:startTime="527333" xmpDM:duration="1000"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="Early approach: Snooping TCP I “Transparent” extension of TCP within the foreign agent buffering of packets sent to the mobile" xmpDM:startTime="584567" xmpDM:duration="1000"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="host lost packets on the wireless link (both directions!) will be retransmitted immediately by the mobile host or foreign agent," xmpDM:startTime="584567" xmpDM:duration="1000"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="respectively (so called “local” retransmission) the foreign agent therefore “snoops” the packet flow and recognizes acknowledgements in both directions, it" xmpDM:startTime="584567" xmpDM:duration="1000"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="also filters ACKs changes of TCP only within the foreign agent Prof." xmpDM:startTime="584567" xmpDM:duration="1000"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="Dr.-Ing." xmpDM:startTime="584567" xmpDM:duration="1000"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="Jochen H." xmpDM:startTime="584567" xmpDM:duration="1000"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="Schiller www.jochenschiller.de" xmpDM:startTime="584567" xmpDM:duration="1000"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="Mobile Communications „wired“ Internet buffering of data end-to-end TCP connection local retransmission correspondent host foreign agent mobile host snooping of" xmpDM:startTime="584567" xmpDM:duration="1000"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="ACKs j0235962 j0285750" xmpDM:startTime="584567" xmpDM:duration="1000"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="Early approach: Snooping TCP II Data transfer to the mobile host FA buffers data until it receives ACK of the" xmpDM:startTime="675167" xmpDM:duration="1000"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="MH, FA detects packet loss via duplicated ACKs or time-out fast retransmission possible, transparent for the fixed network Data transfer" xmpDM:startTime="675167" xmpDM:duration="1000"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="from the mobile host FA detects packet loss on the wireless link via sequence numbers, FA answers directly with a" xmpDM:startTime="675167" xmpDM:duration="1000"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="NACK to the MH MH can now retransmit data with only a very short delay Integration of the MAC layer" xmpDM:startTime="675167" xmpDM:duration="1000"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="MAC layer often has similar mechanisms to those of TCP thus, the MAC layer can already detect duplicated packets due" xmpDM:startTime="675167" xmpDM:duration="1000"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="to retransmissions and discard them Problems snooping TCP does not isolate the wireless link as good as other approaches (e.g." xmpDM:startTime="675167" xmpDM:duration="1000"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="Indirect-TCP) snooping might be useless depending on encryption schemes Prof." xmpDM:startTime="675167" xmpDM:duration="1000"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="Dr.-Ing." xmpDM:startTime="675167" xmpDM:duration="1000"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="Jochen H." xmpDM:startTime="675167" xmpDM:duration="1000"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="Schiller www.jochenschiller.de" xmpDM:startTime="675167" xmpDM:duration="1000"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="Mobile Communications" xmpDM:startTime="675167" xmpDM:duration="1000"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="Fast retransmit/fast recovery Change of foreign agent often results in packet loss TCP reacts with slow-start although there is no" xmpDM:startTime="771967" xmpDM:duration="1000"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="congestion Forced fast retransmit as soon as the mobile host has registered with a new foreign agent, the MH sends" xmpDM:startTime="771967" xmpDM:duration="1000"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="duplicated acknowledgements on purpose this forces the fast retransmit mode at the communication partners additionally, the TCP on the MH" xmpDM:startTime="771967" xmpDM:duration="1000"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="is forced to continue sending with the actual window size and not to go into slow-start after registration Advantage simple" xmpDM:startTime="771967" xmpDM:duration="1000"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="changes result in significant higher performance Disadvantage further mix of IP and TCP, no transparent approach Prof." xmpDM:startTime="771967" xmpDM:duration="1000"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="Dr.-Ing." xmpDM:startTime="771967" xmpDM:duration="1000"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="Jochen H." xmpDM:startTime="771967" xmpDM:duration="1000"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="Schiller www.jochenschiller.de" xmpDM:startTime="771967" xmpDM:duration="1000"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="Mobile Communications" xmpDM:startTime="771967" xmpDM:duration="1000"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="Transmission/time-out freezing Mobile hosts can be disconnected for a longer time no packet exchange possible, e.g.," xmpDM:startTime="882033" xmpDM:duration="1000"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="in a tunnel, disconnection due to overloaded cells or multiplexing with higher priority traffic TCP disconnects after time-out completely TCP" xmpDM:startTime="882033" xmpDM:duration="1000"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="freezing MAC layer is often able to detect interruption in advance MAC can inform TCP layer of upcoming loss of" xmpDM:startTime="882033" xmpDM:duration="1000"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="connection TCP stops sending, but does now not assume a congested link MAC layer signals again if reconnected Advantage scheme" xmpDM:startTime="882033" xmpDM:duration="1000"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="is independent of data Disadvantage TCP on mobile host has to be changed, mechanism depends on MAC layer Prof." xmpDM:startTime="882033" xmpDM:duration="1000"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="Dr.-Ing." xmpDM:startTime="882033" xmpDM:duration="1000"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="Jochen H." xmpDM:startTime="882033" xmpDM:duration="1000"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="Schiller www.jochenschiller.de" xmpDM:startTime="882033" xmpDM:duration="1000"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="Mobile Communications" xmpDM:startTime="882033" xmpDM:duration="1000"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="Selective retransmission TCP acknowledgements are often cumulative ACK n acknowledges correct and in-sequence receipt of bytes up to n-1 (byte-stream" xmpDM:startTime="961100" xmpDM:duration="1000"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="oriented!) if single packets are missing quite often a whole packet sequence beginning at the gap has to be retransmitted" xmpDM:startTime="961100" xmpDM:duration="1000"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="(go-back-n), thus wasting bandwidth Selective retransmission as one solution RFC2018 allows for acknowledgements of single packets, not only acknowledgements of" xmpDM:startTime="961100" xmpDM:duration="1000"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="in-sequence packet streams without gaps sender can now retransmit only the missing packets (i.e." xmpDM:startTime="961100" xmpDM:duration="1000"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="non acknowledged parts of the byte-stream) Advantage much higher efficiency “Disadvantage” more complex software in a receiver, more buffer needed" xmpDM:startTime="961100" xmpDM:duration="1000"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="at the receiver Might be a problem in really tiny devices… Prof." xmpDM:startTime="961100" xmpDM:duration="1000"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="Dr.-Ing." xmpDM:startTime="961100" xmpDM:duration="1000"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="Jochen H." xmpDM:startTime="961100" xmpDM:duration="1000"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="Schiller www.jochenschiller.de" xmpDM:startTime="961100" xmpDM:duration="1000"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="Mobile Communications" xmpDM:startTime="961100" xmpDM:duration="1000"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="Comparison of different approaches for a “mobile” TCP Prof." xmpDM:startTime="1065033" xmpDM:duration="1000"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="Dr.-Ing." xmpDM:startTime="1065033" xmpDM:duration="1000"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="Jochen H." xmpDM:startTime="1065033" xmpDM:duration="1000"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="Schiller www.jochenschiller.de" xmpDM:startTime="1065033" xmpDM:duration="1000"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="Mobile Communications" xmpDM:startTime="1065033" xmpDM:duration="1000"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="TCP Improvements I Initial research work Indirect TCP, Snoop TCP, M-TCP, T/TCP, SACK, Transmission/time-out freezing, … TCP over 2.5/3G" xmpDM:startTime="1152100" xmpDM:duration="1000"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="wireless networks Fine tuning of TCP, RFC3481 – best current practice (BCP 71, 2003) Learn to live with sometimes Data" xmpDM:startTime="1152100" xmpDM:duration="1000"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="rates: 64 kbit/s up, 115-384 kbit/s down; asymmetry: 3-6, but also up to 1000 (broadcast systems), periodic allocation/release of channels" xmpDM:startTime="1152100" xmpDM:duration="1000"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="High latency, high jitter, packet loss Suggestions Large (initial) sending windows, large maximum transfer unit, selective acknowledgement, explicit congestion notification," xmpDM:startTime="1152100" xmpDM:duration="1000"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="time stamp, no header compression Widespread use in adapted protocol stacks “Historical”: i-mode running over FOMA, WAP 2.0" xmpDM:startTime="1152100" xmpDM:duration="1000"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="(“TCP with wireless profile”) Alternative congestion control algorithms TCP Vegas (cong." xmpDM:startTime="1152100" xmpDM:duration="1000"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="control with focus on packet delay, rather than packet loss) TCP Westwood plus (use ACK stream for better setting cong." xmpDM:startTime="1152100" xmpDM:duration="1000"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="control), (New) Reno, Santa Cruz, … Prof." xmpDM:startTime="1152100" xmpDM:duration="1000"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="Dr.-Ing." xmpDM:startTime="1152100" xmpDM:duration="1000"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="Jochen H." xmpDM:startTime="1152100" xmpDM:duration="1000"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="Schiller www.jochenschiller.de" xmpDM:startTime="1152100" xmpDM:duration="1000"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="Mobile Communications max." xmpDM:startTime="1152100" xmpDM:duration="1000"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="TCP BandWidth Max." xmpDM:startTime="1152100" xmpDM:duration="1000"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="Segment Size Round Trip Time loss probability" xmpDM:startTime="1152100" xmpDM:duration="1000"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="TCP Improvements II Performance enhancing proxies (PEP, RFC 3135) Transport layer Local retransmissions and acknowledgements Additionally on the application layer" xmpDM:startTime="1500300" xmpDM:duration="1000"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="Content filtering, compression, picture downscaling E.g.," xmpDM:startTime="1500300" xmpDM:duration="1000"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="Internet/WAP gateways Web service gateways? Big problem: breaks end-to-end semantics Disables use of IP security Choose between PEP and security!" xmpDM:startTime="1500300" xmpDM:duration="1000"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="More open issues RFC 3150 / BCP 48 (slow links) Recommends header compression, no timestamp RFC 3155 / BCP 50" xmpDM:startTime="1500300" xmpDM:duration="1000"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="(links with errors) States that explicit congestion notification cannot be used In contrast to 2.5G/3G" xmpDM:startTime="1500300" xmpDM:duration="1000"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="recommendations! Prof." xmpDM:startTime="1500300" xmpDM:duration="1000"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="Dr.-Ing." xmpDM:startTime="1500300" xmpDM:duration="1000"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="Jochen H." xmpDM:startTime="1500300" xmpDM:duration="1000"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="Schiller www.jochenschiller.de" xmpDM:startTime="1500300" xmpDM:duration="1000"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="Mobile Communications Mobile system PEP Comm." xmpDM:startTime="1500300" xmpDM:duration="1000"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="partner wireless Internet" xmpDM:startTime="1500300" xmpDM:duration="1000"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="Questions &amp; Tasks What are the problems of using TCP over wireless links? Why do many “enhancements” fail or are" xmpDM:startTime="1653333" xmpDM:duration="1000"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="not wide-spread? What should wireless systems optimize in favor of TCP performance? Prof." xmpDM:startTime="1653333" xmpDM:duration="1000"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="Dr.-Ing." xmpDM:startTime="1653333" xmpDM:duration="1000"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="Jochen H." xmpDM:startTime="1653333" xmpDM:duration="1000"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="Schiller www.jochenschiller.de" xmpDM:startTime="1653333" xmpDM:duration="1000"/></rdf:li><rdf:li><rdf:Description xmpDM:name="Mobile Communications" xmpDM:startTime="1653333" xmpDM:duration="1000"/></rdf:li></rdf:Seq>
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